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The Synergistic Effects of Moringa's Nutritional Components

Combining these nutrients in Moringa leaves contributes to a synergy that enhances overall health. The antioxidant properties help reduce inflammation and combat oxidative stress, while the rich mineral content supports metabolic health and resilience against stress.⁷

The bioavailability of these nutrients ensures they are effectively absorbed and utilized by the body, making Moringa a powerful tool in combating malnutrition and supporting general well-being.⁸

Concluding Thoughts on Moringa's Nutritional Eminence

Moringa Oleifera’s comprehensive nutrient profile establishes it as an exceptional supplement for health enhancement. It supports various bodily functions and offers a natural, potent source of essential vitamins, minerals, and amino acids. Its role in dietary practices is invaluable, especially in regions facing nutritional challenges.⁹¹⁰

Understanding Antioxidants in Moringa Oleifera

Quercetin: The Flavonoid Powerhouse

Quercetin is a type of flavonoid known for its potent antioxidant properties. It is found in significant amounts in Moringa leaves and is recognized for its ability to scavenge free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative damage to cells. Quercetin’s health benefits extend beyond its antioxidant capacity; it has been studied for its potential to reduce blood pressure in hypertensive patients and its anti-inflammatory effects, which are crucial in managing chronic conditions like heart disease and diabetes.¹¹

Chlorogenic Acid: Beyond Coffee

Chlorogenic acid, commonly associated with coffee, is another potent antioxidant in Moringa leaves. It plays a significant role in modulating glucose metabolism, which can particularly benefit individuals with diabetes. Chlorogenic acid has been shown to lower blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity, contributing to better overall glycemic control.¹²

Additionally, its antioxidant activity can help reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases by preventing the oxidation of LDL cholesterol, a key factor in the development of atherosclerosis.¹³

The Impact of Antioxidant Activity on Health

The combined antioxidant effects of quercetin and chlorogenic acid in Moringa Oleifera can significantly impact health by:

Reducing Inflammation: Chronic inflammation is a root cause of many diseases, including heart disease, cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease. By neutralizing free radicals, the antioxidants in Moringa can help mitigate the inflammatory response.¹⁴
Protecting Against Chronic Diseases: The antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera may lower the risk of chronic diseases by protecting cellular components from oxidative damage. This is particularly relevant for diseases where oxidative stress plays a key role, such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer.¹⁵
Enhancing Immune Function: Antioxidants like those found in Moringa leaves can bolster the immune system, making the body more resilient against infections and diseases.¹⁶

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Anti-inflammatory Effects

The anti-inflammatory properties of Moringa Oleifera are significant due to the presence of isothiocyanates in the leaves. These compounds have been shown to inhibit inflammatory pathways in the body, thus reducing inflammation. Chronic inflammation is a common denominator in many severe health conditions, such as heart disease, cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease. The isothiocyanates in Moringa act on various inflammatory markers, effectively reducing their levels and mitigating the risk and severity of these conditions.¹⁷

Research indicates that Moringa’s anti-inflammatory effects are not only due to isothiocyanates but also to other compounds such as quercetin and chlorogenic acid. These antioxidants further contribute to the anti-inflammatory action by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, a key factor in the inflammatory process.¹⁸

Blood Sugar Regulation

Moringa Oleifera’s role in blood sugar regulation is particularly beneficial for individuals with diabetes. It contains several compounds that have been observed to either enhance insulin secretion or reduce glucose absorption in the intestine, thus helping maintain normal blood sugar levels. A study by Gupta et al. (2012)¹⁹ supports this, demonstrating that Moringa leaf extract can significantly lower blood sugar levels in diabetic rats, suggesting a similar potential benefit in humans.

The antidiabetic effect of Moringa is attributed to its high content of antioxidants and plant compounds that can improve insulin sensitivity, making it easier for the body to utilize glucose effectively and prevent hyperglycemia.²⁰

Cholesterol Management

The cholesterol-lowering effect of Moringa Oleifera is comparable to that of conventional lipid-lowering drugs, offering a natural alternative for managing and preventing heart disease. Kushwaha et al. (2012)²¹ found that supplementation with Moringa leaf powder significantly reduced cholesterol levels in high-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats. The study suggests that Moringa can be an effective functional food for managing cholesterol levels and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Moringa’s ability to lower cholesterol is linked to its rich content of bioactive compounds, such as beta-sitosterol, a plant sterol known for its cholesterol-lowering properties. These compounds can inhibit cholesterol absorption in the gut, leading to lower blood cholesterol levels.²²

Risks of Moringa

Potential Toxicity

Research indicates that while Moringa leaves and seeds are widely regarded as safe for consumption, other parts of the plant, such as the root, bark, and flowers, contain alkaloids and other compounds that may be toxic if ingested in large quantities. Specifically, the root contains spirochin, a potentially neurotoxic substance that can cause paralysis and death. Consuming these plant parts can lead to adverse health effects, underscoring the importance of using only the leaves and seeds for dietary purposes²³

Drug Interactions

Moringa’s effect on liver enzymes can significantly impact the metabolism of various medications, potentially altering their effectiveness. For example, Moringa has been shown to affect cytochrome P450 enzymes, a key group of enzymes involved in drug metabolism. This interaction could either decrease the efficacy of medications or lead to increased levels of drugs in the bloodstream, posing risks of toxicity. Therefore, individuals on medications, particularly those metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes, should consult healthcare providers before incorporating Moringa into their diets²⁴

Pregnancy Concerns

Although Moringa has been traditionally used to enhance breast milk production, its safety during pregnancy remains questionable due to the lack of extensive research. Some compounds in Moringa, particularly in the root, may stimulate uterine contractions, posing a risk of miscarriage or premature labor. Pregnant women are therefore advised to avoid Moringa supplementation until more conclusive research is available to confirm its safety during pregnancy²⁵

Allergic Reactions

While allergic reactions to Moringa are rare, they can occur, especially in individuals with sensitivities to plants in the Moringaceae family. Symptoms of an allergic reaction to Moringa may include itching, swelling, redness, and difficulty breathing. Individuals with known plant allergies must exercise caution and consult with a healthcare provider before consuming Moringa products.²⁶

Sustainable and Ethical Considerations

The surging popularity of Moringa has raised concerns over sustainable cultivation and harvesting practices. Ethical sourcing is essential to ensure that the production of Moringa does not lead to environmental degradation or exploit local communities. Supporting fair trade and sustainably sourced Moringa products can help ensure that the benefits of its cultivation extend to the local populations who grow and harvest the plant, promoting economic and environmental sustainability.

Moringa Oleifera offers numerous health benefits, but it is essential to be aware of its potential risks and interactions. By understanding these risks and consulting with healthcare providers, individuals can make informed decisions about incorporating Moringa into their health regimen. Ensuring Moringa’s sustainable and ethical sourcing also contributes to its consumption’s broader positive impact on global health and environmental sustainability.

Michael J. Brown, RPh, BCPS, BCPP

Mr. Brown is a Clinical Pharmacist specializing in pharmacotherapy and psychiatry.

Feel free to send Michael a message using this link.

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Herbs for Nerve Regeneration: A Comprehensive Exploration

Posted on September 18, 2023 by Michael Brown

Nerve regeneration is a complex and crucial process in the human body, as it plays a fundamental role in the recovery from neurological injuries and diseases. While modern medicine has made significant strides in understanding and facilitating nerve regeneration, there is a growing interest in complementary and alternative therapies, such as herbal remedies, vitamins, and minerals, as potential dietary supplements or alternatives to conventional treatments. This post delves into the world of alternative remedies for nerve regeneration, exploring the mechanisms, evidence, and challenges associated with their use.

Nerve Regeneration: A Complex Process

To appreciate the potential of herbal remedies in nerve regeneration, it is essential to understand the intricacies of the nerve regeneration process. Nerve cells, or neurons, are unique in their limited regenerative capacity, primarily attributed to neurons’ complex structure and function. When a nerve is injured, the body’s natural response is to repair and regenerate the damaged tissue. This process typically involves several key steps:

Degeneration of the Nerve: After an injury, the damaged nerve fibers undergo a process known as Wallerian degeneration. This involves breaking down and removing the damaged parts of the nerve.
Activation of Schwann Cells: Schwann cells, a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system, play a crucial role in nerve regeneration. They release factors that guide the regenerating nerve fibers.
Axon Growth and Guidance: The regenerating nerve fibers (axons) must grow and navigate to their target tissues accurately. Various molecules and cues guide this process.
Synapse Formation: In the case of motor neurons connecting to muscles, reestablishing functional synapses is essential for proper function.
Remyelination: Myelin, the protective sheath around nerve fibers, must be regenerated for optimal nerve conduction.

Various cellular and molecular mechanisms tightly regulate these steps. Any disruption in this process can lead to incomplete or faulty nerve regeneration, resulting in functional deficits.

Herbal Remedies in Nerve Regeneration

Historically, herbal remedies have been used in traditional medicine systems worldwide for various ailments, including those related to the nervous system. These remedies often involve using plant-derived compounds, which are believed to possess neuroprotective and nerve-regenerating properties. While the scientific understanding of these remedies is still evolving, several herbs have gained attention for their potential roles in nerve regeneration. Some of the most notable ones include:

Ginkgo Biloba: Ginkgo biloba is a popular herbal supplement known for its potential cognitive benefits. It contains compounds like flavonoids and terpenoids that possess antioxidant properties, which may aid in protecting nerve cells from damage and facilitating their regeneration.
Turmeric: Curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, has been extensively studied for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. These properties may promote nerve regeneration by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, which can impede regeneration.
Gotu Kola: Gotu kola is an herb used in traditional medicine for its potential cognitive and nervous system benefits. It contains compounds like triterpenoids that may support nerve cell growth and repair.
Lion’s Mane Mushroom: Lion’s mane mushroom contains bioactive compounds known as hericenones and erinacines, which have shown promising effects in stimulating nerve growth factor (NGF) production. NGF plays a crucial role in the growth and maintenance of nerve cells.
Ashwagandha: Ashwagandha is an adaptogenic herb with potential neuroprotective properties. It may help reduce stress-related damage to nerve cells and promote their regeneration.
Bacopa Monnieri: Bacopa monnieri, also known as Brahmi, has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for cognitive enhancement. It contains compounds like bacosides, which may support neuronal growth and repair.
Aloe Vera: Aloe vera contains bioactive compounds like aloin and aloesin, which have shown potential in promoting nerve regeneration and improving nerve function in animal studies.

Vitamins and Minerals in Nerve Regeneration

While no specific vitamin or mineral directly promotes nerve regeneration, several nutrients are essential for nerve health. They may support the overall process of nerve repair and maintenance. These include:

Vitamin B12: Vitamin B12 is crucial for forming and maintaining the myelin sheath, a protective covering around nerve cells. A deficiency in vitamin B12 can lead to nerve damage and neuropathy.
Vitamin B6: Vitamin B6 plays a role in nerve function and may help repair nerves. It’s involved in synthesizing neurotransmitters that transmit signals between nerve cells.
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): Thiamine is vital for nerve function and may help prevent nerve damage and neuropathy.
Vitamin E: Vitamin E is an antioxidant that can protect nerve cells from damage caused by free radicals and oxidative stress.
Vitamin D: Adequate vitamin D levels are essential for overall nerve health and may help with nerve repair and maintenance.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oil and flaxseed, have anti-inflammatory properties that may support nerve health.
Magnesium: Magnesium plays a role in nerve function and may help nerve signaling and muscle contractions.
Zinc: Zinc is involved in repairing and maintaining nerve cells and is essential for overall nerve health.
Antioxidants: Vitamin C, E, and selenium can protect nerve cells by neutralizing free radicals from oxidative damage.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid: This antioxidant may help improve nerve function and reduce neuropathy symptoms.

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Mechanisms of Herbal Remedies in Nerve Regeneration

Understanding the mechanisms by which herbal remedies may contribute to nerve regeneration is critical in evaluating their potential efficacy. While research in this area is ongoing, several key mechanisms have been proposed:

Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Many herbal remedies, such as turmeric and ashwagandha, have potent anti-inflammatory properties. Chronic inflammation can hinder nerve regeneration, so reducing inflammation may facilitate healing.
Antioxidant Activity: Oxidative stress can damage nerve cells and impede regeneration. Compounds found in herbs like ginkgo biloba and turmeric act as antioxidants, protecting nerve cells from oxidative damage.
Neurotrophic Factor Stimulation: Some herbs, like lion’s mane mushroom, may stimulate the production of neurotrophic factors such as NGF. These factors promote the growth, survival, and maintenance of nerve cells.
Promotion of Myelination: Certain herbal compounds, such as those in aloe vera, may support the remyelination of damaged nerve fibers, improving their conduction capabilities.
Neuroprotection: Herbs like gotu kola and bacopa monnieri are believed to provide neuroprotection by enhancing the resilience of nerve cells to injury and degeneration.

It’s important to note that the specific mechanisms of action can vary among different herbal remedies, and further research is needed to elucidate their effects on nerve regeneration fully.

Evidence Supporting Herbal Remedies for Nerve Regeneration

Scientific evidence on the efficacy of herbal remedies for nerve regeneration is still emerging and often limited to preclinical studies, animal models, or small-scale clinical trials. Some notable findings include:

Ginkgo Biloba: A study published in the Journal of Neuroscience Research in 2017 suggested that ginkgo biloba extract may enhance nerve regeneration in rats with sciatic nerve injuries. However, more research is needed to confirm these effects in humans.
Turmeric: Curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, has demonstrated neuroprotective and regenerative properties in animal studies. A review published in the journal “Pharmacological Research” in 2017 highlighted curcumin’s potential for nerve regeneration. Still, clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings in humans.
Lion’s Mane Mushroom: Animal studies have shown that lion’s mane mushroom extracts can stimulate NGF production and promote nerve cell growth. While these results are promising, further research is required to establish their relevance to human nerve regeneration.
Ashwagandha: Animal studies on ashwagandha have suggested its potential to protect against nerve damage caused by oxidative stress and promote nerve cell regeneration. Human clinical trials are needed to validate these findings.
Aloe Vera: Research on aloe vera’s effects on nerve regeneration is in its early stages, with most studies conducted on animals. While some animal studies have shown positive results, more research is necessary to determine its efficacy in humans.
Bacopa Monnieri: Bacopa monnieri has been studied for its cognitive-enhancing properties, and some evidence suggests that it may support nerve cell growth and repair. However, further research is required to establish its role in nerve regeneration.
Valerian Root: A study in the Journal of Medicinal Food found pretreatment with Valerian root extract has protective effects against ischemic injury in the hippocampal pyramidal neurons by decreasing microglial activation and lipid peroxidation.¹

8. St. John’s wort:The data collected suggests a protective effect of some of its major compounds in neurotoxicity. This suggests possible beneficial activity in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, according to a study published in Frontiers in Plant Science.²

9. Ginger Root: Zingiber officinale, commonly known as ginger, exhibits noteworthy attributes that make it a potential candidate for addressing neurodegenerative conditions, specifically focusing on Alzheimer’s disease. These attributes primarily center around its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Notably, clinical research has illuminated that ginger consumption can lead to an upsurge in the production of nerve growth factor (NGF). This pivotal role of NGF holds promise in enhancing memory function, streamlining long-term hippocampal improvement, and expediting the growth of neurites.³

10. Cayenne Pepper: An 8% capsaicin patch offers the potential for pain relief by facilitating nerve regeneration and restoring function in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), thus contributing to disease modification. This approach holds promise in potentially averting diabetic foot complications, such as the development of ulcers.⁴

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Challenges and Considerations

While herbal remedies show promise in supporting nerve regeneration, several challenges and considerations must be addressed:

Limited Clinical Evidence: The majority of research on herbal remedies for nerve regeneration is in the preclinical or early clinical stages. Robust, large-scale human trials are needed to establish their safety and efficacy.
Standardization and Quality Control: Herbal remedies can vary in composition and potency, which makes standardization and quality control crucial. Ensuring consistent dosages and purity is essential for reliable results.
Safety and Side Effects: Herbal remedies can interact with medications or cause adverse effects in some individuals. It is vital to consult with healthcare professionals before using herbal supplements, especially if you are taking other medications.
Regulatory Oversight: Herbal supplements are not subject to the same rigorous regulatory scrutiny as pharmaceutical drugs. This can lead to variations in product quality and safety.
Placebo Effect: The psychological and placebo effects can influence perceived benefits from herbal remedies, making it challenging to determine their true efficacy.
Individual Variation: People may respond differently to herbal remedies due to genetic, environmental, or health-related factors. Personalized approaches to treatment may be necessary.

Herbal remedies for nerve regeneration offer a compelling avenue for research and potential therapeutic interventions. While preliminary evidence suggests that certain herbs may possess neuroprotective and regenerative properties, it is essential to approach these remedies with caution and scientific rigor. Robust clinical trials, standardization of herbal products, and a thorough understanding of their mechanisms of action are critical steps in advancing our knowledge of their efficacy and safety. In the future, herbal remedies may play a valuable role in complementing conventional treatments for nerve injuries and neurodegenerative diseases, offering hope for improved outcomes and quality of life for affected individuals.

Michael J. Brown, RPh, BCPS, BCPP

Mr. Brown is a Clinical Pharmacist specializing in pharmacotherapy and psychiatry.

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Maca vs. Black Maca: Unveiling the Health Benefits and Differences

Posted on September 9, 2023 by Michael Brown

The demand for natural and holistic approaches to health and wellness has surged in recent years, leading to a growing interest in superfoods, adaptogens, and alternative medicine. Maca (Lepidium meyenii) and black maca (Lepidium meyenii var. Black) have gained significant attention for their potential health benefits.

These two variants of maca, native to the high-altitude regions of the Peruvian Andes, offer various health-promoting properties and are often considered nutritional powerhouses. This comprehensive blog post will delve into the key differences and health benefits of maca vs. black maca, supported by scientific references.

Understanding Maca and Black Maca

Maca (Lepidium meyenii):

Maca, often called Peruvian ginseng, is a cruciferous root vegetable cultivated for thousands of years in the Andes mountains. Traditionally, it has been used for its potential aphrodisiac and energy-boosting properties. Maca comes in various colors, including yellow, red, and black, each with its unique nutrient profile.

Black Maca (Lepidium meyenii var. Black):

Black maca is a specific variety known for its dark, purplish-black color. It is the rarest of the maca colors. It is believed to possess distinct health benefits compared to other maca varieties. While it shares many of the same nutrients and bioactive compounds as regular maca, it also contains some unique compounds that set it apart.

Nutritional Composition

Both maca and black maca are rich in essential nutrients and bioactive compounds that can support overall health. However, they differ slightly in their nutritional profiles:

Maca:

Maca is rich in carbohydrates, particularly complex carbohydrates.

It contains a moderate amount of protein, around 9-14% of its dry weight.

Maca is a good source of dietary fiber, vitamins (B vitamins, vitamin C, and vitamin E), and minerals (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron).

It is known for its high glucosinolate content, which has antioxidant properties.

Black Maca:

While sharing most of its nutritional content with regular maca, Black maca has been found to contain higher levels of specific bioactive compounds.

It is particularly abundant in polyphenols, known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Black maca is also a notable source of anthocyanins, the same compounds responsible for the dark color of foods like blueberries and blackberries.

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Health Benefits of Maca vs. Black Maca

Maca (Lepidium meyenii) and black maca (Lepidium meyenii var. Black) are two closely related varieties of a root vegetable native to the Peruvian Andes. Both of these maca types offer a range of health benefits. Still, there are some differences in their effects due to variations in nutrient profiles and bioactive compounds. In this section, we’ll explore the specific health benefits of maca and black maca.

Health Benefits of Maca:

Hormone Regulation:

Maca is renowned for its adaptogenic properties, which may help the body adapt to various stressors, including hormonal imbalances.
It has been traditionally used to support hormonal balance in both men and women.
Some studies suggest that maca can alleviate symptoms of menopause and PMS, such as hot flashes and mood swings.

Enhanced Libido:

Maca has a reputation as a natural aphrodisiac and is believed to improve sexual function in both men and women.
Some research indicates that maca supplementation may increase sexual desire and improve erectile function in men.

Boosted Energy and Endurance:

Athletes and individuals seeking increased energy and endurance have reported benefits from maca supplementation.
Maca is thought to help improve physical performance and reduce exercise-induced fatigue.

Mood Regulation:

Maca is known to have positive effects on mood and mental well-being.
It may help reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression, possibly by influencing neurotransmitter levels in the brain.

Nutrient-Rich Support:

Maca is a good source of essential nutrients, including B vitamins, vitamin C, and minerals like calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron.
These nutrients support overall health and well-being.

Health Benefits of Black Maca:

Enhanced Male Reproductive Health:

Black maca, in particular, is associated with more potent aphrodisiac effects and may be more effective in improving male reproductive health.
Some studies suggest that black maca can increase sperm count and motility, making it beneficial for fertility.

Mood and Cognitive Benefits:

The polyphenols and anthocyanins found in black maca may have a more pronounced impact on mood regulation and cognitive function compared to regular maca.
Black maca may help reduce symptoms of anxiety and enhance mental clarity.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects:

Black maca, with its higher polyphenol content, offers more potent antioxidant properties.
It may provide better protection against oxidative stress and inflammation.

Bone Health:

Like regular maca, black maca contains essential minerals like calcium and magnesium, which support bone health.
It may be particularly beneficial for individuals concerned about osteoporosis or bone density.

Balanced Hormones:

Similar to regular maca, black maca may help balance hormones, especially in women experiencing menopausal symptoms.
It could alleviate hot flashes, mood swings, and other menopausal discomforts.

Both maca and black maca offer numerous health benefits. Still, the choice between them may depend on individual health goals and specific needs. Regular maca is well-known for its adaptogenic properties and hormone-balancing effects. In contrast, black maca, with its unique polyphenol and anthocyanin content, may provide extra advantages, particularly for male reproductive health and mood regulation.

Regardless of your choice, it’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional before incorporating maca or black maca into your daily routine to ensure it aligns with your health objectives.

Side Effects of Maca and Black Maca

Maca (Lepidium meyenii) and black maca (Lepidium meyenii var. Black) are generally considered safe when consumed in moderate amounts as part of a balanced diet. However, like many dietary supplements, they may have some side effects and considerations. It’s important to note that individual responses to maca and black maca can vary, and some people may be more sensitive to these side effects than others. Here, we’ll explore potential side effects associated with both maca and black maca:

Side Effects of Maca:

Digestive Issues: Some individuals may experience digestive discomfort, such as bloating, gas, or stomach cramps, when taking maca. This is more likely to occur when consumed in excessive amounts.
Hormone Imbalance: While maca is often used to support hormonal balance, in rare cases, excessive consumption might lead to hormonal fluctuations. It is essential to use maca in moderation and consult a healthcare provider if you have concerns about its impact on your hormones.
Insomnia or Restlessness: Some users have reported difficulty sleeping or increased restlessness when taking maca, particularly if consumed late in the day.
Allergic Reactions: Allergic reactions to maca are rare but possible. If you experience symptoms like itching, hives, or swelling after consuming maca, discontinue use and seek medical attention.

Side Effects of Black Maca:

Similar Digestive Issues: Black maca may also cause digestive discomfort in some individuals, including bloating and gas.
Hormonal Effects: Like regular maca, black maca can influence hormones. While this is often a desired effect, excessive consumption may lead to imbalances or side effects in some people.
Insomnia or Restlessness: As with regular maca, black maca might result in difficulty sleeping or increased restlessness if taken too close to bedtime.
Blood Pressure: Some individuals may experience changes in blood pressure when using black maca. If you have blood pressure concerns or are taking hypertension medication, consult a healthcare provider before using black maca.
Allergic Reactions: As with regular maca, allergic reactions to black maca are rare but possible. You may also be sensitive to black maca if you are allergic to regular maca.
Interactions with Medications: Both maca and black maca may interact with certain medications, such as those for hormone-related conditions. If you are on medication, consult your healthcare provider before using these supplements.

Precautions and Tips:

Start with a lower dose: If you’re new to maca or black maca, begin with a smaller dose to assess your tolerance and minimize the risk of side effects.
Monitor your body’s response: Pay attention to how your body reacts to maca or black maca, and adjust your dosage accordingly.
Consult a healthcare professional: Before adding maca or black maca to your daily routine, especially if you have underlying health conditions or are taking medications, consult a healthcare provider to ensure it is safe and appropriate.
Quality matters: Ensure you purchase high-quality maca or black maca products from reputable sources to reduce the risk of contaminants and impurities.

Maca and black maca are generally considered safe for most people when used responsibly and in moderation. However, like any supplement, they may have side effects in some individuals. It’s crucial to start with a lower dose, monitor your body’s response, and consult a healthcare provider if you have any concerns or underlying health conditions.

In the debate of maca vs. black maca, it’s important to note that both variants offer impressive health benefits. While regular maca is widely recognized for its adaptogenic properties and hormonal balance support, black maca stands out for its unique polyphenol and anthocyanin content, potentially making it more effective in certain applications, such as enhancing libido and mood regulation.

Ultimately, the choice between maca and black maca depends on individual health goals and preferences. To reap the maximum benefits, ensuring product quality and dosage consistency is crucial. Before incorporating maca or black maca into your daily routine, consult a healthcare professional to determine the most suitable option based on your needs and health status.

References

Gonzales GF. Ethnobiology and Ethnopharmacology of Lepidium meyenii (Maca), a Plant from the Peruvian Highlands. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:193496.
Rubio J, et al. Effect of three different cultivars of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on learning and depression in ovariectomized mice. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006;6:23.
Valentová K, et al. Cytoprotective effect of maca (Lepidium meyenii) on human osteoblastic cells treated with hydrogen peroxide and menadione. Phytother Res. 2008;22(9):1206-12.
Gonzales GF, et al. Red maca (Lepidium meyenii) reduced prostate size in rats. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005;3:5.
Dini A, et al. Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of Lepidium meyenii. Food Chem. 2012;131(2):484-90.

Michael J. Brown, RPh, BCPS, BCPP

Mr. Brown is a Clinical Pharmacist specializing in pharmacotherapy and psychiatry.

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Maca Root vs. Ashwagandha: A Comparative Analysis of Two Adaptogenic Powerhouses

Posted on August 20, 2023 by Michael Brown

In recent years, the interest in alternative medicine and natural remedies has surged, leading to a renewed focus on ancient herbal traditions. Among these traditions, the use of adaptogenic herbs has gained significant attention. Two such herbs, Maca root (Lepidium meyenii) and Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) have stood out for their potential health benefits and adaptogenic properties. This post aims to comprehensively analyze Maca root and Ashwagandha, exploring their origins, traditional uses, active compounds, potential health benefits, and scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness.

Origins and Traditional Uses

Maca Root:

Maca root, also known as “Peruvian ginseng,” is a cruciferous vegetable native to the high-altitude regions of the Andes Mountains in Peru. It has a long history of traditional use as a medicinal and nutritional food source by the region’s indigenous people.

Maca root was believed to enhance energy, stamina, and fertility, and it was often consumed to address issues related to reproductive health and hormonal balance. Additionally, Maca root was utilized to improve cognitive function and as an aphrodisiac to enhance sexual desire.

Ashwagandha:

Ashwagandha, often referred to as the “Indian ginseng” or “winter cherry,” is an adaptogenic herb native to India, North Africa, and the Middle East. It holds a revered place in Ayurveda, the ancient system of Indian medicine.

Ashwagandha has been traditionally used to promote vitality, strength, and longevity. It was considered a Rasayana (rejuvenating) herb and was employed to combat stress, anxiety, and fatigue while enhancing cognitive function and overall well-being.

Active Compounds and Phytochemistry

Maca Root:

Maca root is rich in bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and glucosinolates. The specific compounds responsible for its adaptogenic properties are still being investigated. Notable compounds include macamides and macaenes, unique to Maca and associated with potential effects on hormone balance and energy regulation.

Ashwagandha:

The active compounds in Ashwagandha, known as withanolides, primarily contribute to its adaptogenic properties. These withanolides exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulating effects. Additionally, Ashwagandha contains alkaloids, flavonoids, and steroidal lactones, all contributing to its medicinal qualities.

Maca Root

Hormonal Balance:
- Maca is believed to help regulate hormonal imbalances in both men ¹ and women, which may benefit issues like menstrual irregularities and menopausal symptoms.
Energy and Stamina:
- Maca often improves energy levels, physical endurance, and stamina²
Cognitive Function:
- Some studies suggest that maca may have cognitive-enhancing properties, including memory and learning³⁴
Mood Regulation:
- Maca may help stabilize mood and reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety⁵
Libido and Sexual Function:
- Maca is traditionally considered an aphrodisiac and is believed to improve sexual desire and function⁶
Antioxidant Effects:
- Maca contains antioxidants that can help protect the body’s cells from oxidative damage⁷
Bone Health:
- - Some animal studies suggest that maca may help improve bone density, which could be relevant for postmenopausal women at risk of osteoporosis. ⁸

Ashwagandha

Stress Reduction and Anxiety Management:
- Ashwagandha is well-known for its stress-reducing properties and its ability to help manage anxiety⁹
Improved Mood and Mental Health:
- Some studies suggest that Ashwagandha may have anti-depressant effects and could benefit individuals with depression and mood disorders¹⁰
Enhanced Cognitive Function:
- Ashwagandha is believed to enhance cognitive function, including memory and focus¹¹
Energy and Vitality:
- Ashwagandha is thought to improve overall energy levels and vitality¹²
Immune System Support:
- Ashwagandha’s immunomodulatory effects may help support the immune system.¹³
Anti-Inflammatory Properties:
- Ashwagandha contains compounds with anti-inflammatory properties that may help reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms of inflammatory conditions.¹⁴
Hormonal Balance:
- Ashwagandha is believed to have hormone-balancing effects, particularly in women, and may help regulate menstrual cycles and hormonal disorders¹⁵
Blood Sugar Control:
- Some research suggests that Ashwagandha may help regulate blood sugar levels, potentially benefiting individuals with diabetes or those at risk.¹⁶
Muscle Strength and Recovery:
- Athletes sometimes use Ashwagandha to potentially increase muscle mass, strength, and exercise recovery.¹⁷

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Maca Root

Gastrointestinal Distress:
- Some people may experience digestive issues such as stomach cramps, bloating, or diarrhea when consuming maca root in excessive amounts.
Hormonal Effects:
- Maca’s hormonal-balancing properties may lead to hormonal changes in some individuals. While this can be beneficial for some, it may cause unwanted effects in others, particularly those with certain hormone-sensitive conditions.
Interaction with Thyroid Function:
- Maca has been reported to influence thyroid function potentially. It may interfere with thyroid hormone levels in individuals with thyroid disorders.
Allergic Reactions:
- In rare cases, allergic reactions to maca root have been reported. Symptoms may include itching, rash, or swelling.
Sleep Disturbances:
- Some individuals have reported insomnia or sleep disturbances as a side effect of maca consumption, particularly when taken late in the day.
Interactions with Medications:
- Maca may interact with certain medications for thyroid disorders or hormonal imbalances. It’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional if you are taking medication and considering maca supplementation.
Changes in Blood Pressure:
- Maca may have a slight effect on blood pressure. Individuals with hypertension or those taking blood pressure medications should monitor their blood pressure when using Maca.

Ashwagandha

Gastrointestinal Distress:
- Some individuals may experience mild gastrointestinal discomfort, including stomach upset, diarrhea, or nausea when taking Ashwagandha.
Drowsiness or Sedation:
- Ashwagandha has mild sedative properties and may cause drowsiness in some individuals. It is advisable not to operate heavy machinery or drive if you experience drowsiness after taking Ashwagandha.
Hypotension (Low Blood Pressure):
- Ashwagandha may lower blood pressure. Individuals with already low blood pressure or those taking medications for hypertension should monitor their blood pressure carefully.
Allergic Reactions:
- Although rare, some individuals may experience allergic reactions to Ashwagandha, including itching, rash, or swelling.
Thyroid Interactions:
- Ashwagandha may influence thyroid function, potentially affecting individuals with thyroid disorders. It is best for you to monitor thyroid hormone levels under the supervision of a healthcare professional.
Interactions with Medications:
- Ashwagandha may interact with certain medications, including thyroid medications, sedatives, and medications that suppress the immune system. It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional if you are taking any medication and considering ashwagandha supplementation.
Pregnancy and Lactation:
- Ashwagandha is not recommended for use by pregnant women, as it may have abortifacient effects. It’s also advised to avoid it while breastfeeding due to the lack of safety data.

Scientific Evidence and Clinical Studies

Maca Root:

Scientific research on Maca root is still evolving, and while some animal and human studies suggest potential benefits in areas such as hormonal balance and energy enhancement, more rigorous research is needed to establish conclusive evidence. Some conflicting results have led to debates about Maca’s effectiveness in various health aspects.

Ashwagandha:

Ashwagandha boasts a more substantial body of scientific research supporting its adaptogenic properties. Numerous clinical trials have investigated its effects on stress, anxiety, cognitive function, and hormonal balance. These studies have provided evidence that Ashwagandha can indeed offer benefits in these areas.

Safety and Precautions

Both Maca root and Ashwagandha are generally considered safe when consumed in appropriate doses. However, individual responses may vary, and you should consult a healthcare professional before adding any new supplement or herb to your routine. Pregnant and breastfeeding individuals and those with certain medical conditions should exercise caution and seek medical advice.

The comparative analysis of Maca root and Ashwagandha, two remarkable adaptogenic herbs with diverse origins and traditional uses, reveals a nuanced landscape of potential health benefits and considerations. While both herbs exhibit adaptogenic properties that contribute to improved well-being, they offer unique advantages rooted in their distinct phytochemical profiles.

Maca root, native to the high Andes, presents promising potential in addressing hormonal imbalances, enhancing energy and stamina, and supporting cognitive function and mood regulation. However, its scientific validation is still evolving, necessitating further research to substantiate these claims conclusively.

On the other hand, Ashwagandha, cherished in Ayurvedic traditions, boasts a more substantial body of scientific evidence supporting its efficacy in stress reduction, anxiety management, cognitive enhancement, and immune system support. Its adaptogenic and neuroprotective qualities have garnered attention in modern healthcare.

Nonetheless, it is essential to approach both Maca root and Ashwagandha with mindfulness. Individual responses vary, and considerations such as dosage, quality of the product, and potential interactions with medications or underlying health conditions should guide their use.

As the interest in natural remedies and herbal traditions continues to rise, the comparative analysis of herbs like Maca and Ashwagandha underscores the importance of informed decision-making, evidence-based choices, and consultation with healthcare professionals. These adaptogenic powerhouses offer a potential path to improved well-being, but a holistic approach to health remains paramount in our journey toward optimal vitality and balance.

Michael J. Brown, RPh, BCPS, BCPP

Mr. Brown is a Clinical Pharmacist specializing in pharmacotherapy and psychiatry.

Feel free to send Michael a message using this link.

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Some Amazing Herbs for Grounding

Posted on June 5, 2023 by Michael Brown

Many of us have heard of grounding but may not fully understand what the term means or how to implement it into our daily life.

This post will help you discover the transformative effects of incorporating herbs for grounding into your daily routine.

With busy schedules, different commitments, and daily stressors, we often forget to care for ourselves by being mindful of what our body needs. In addition, anxiety can be a common problem at any age. The grounding process can help us all return to a calm and relaxed state.

The process of grounding serves as a means to reestablish a profound connection with our energy centers, commonly known as Chakras. These Chakras comprise seven primary centers.

The Root Chakra, positioned at the base of the spine, plays a pivotal role in instilling a sense of grounding and security within us. It serves as a conduit linking us to the Earth, providing sustenance for our survival and facilitating the release of bodily toxins.

The Root Chakra exerts influence over various bodily systems, including the circulatory, urinary/excretory, and reproductive systems, as well as the legs, bones, and teeth. Additionally, it impacts the nose and olfactory system, enhancing stability and physical energy.

Some of the signs that you have an imbalanced root center are:

Excessive daydreaming.
A lack of fulfillment and satisfaction.
Allowing harmful or destructive emotions to influence your behavior, such as addictive behaviors.
Unhealthy codependent relationships.

Plants have a grounding effect and can be a cornerstone of optimal health. Plants are a natural gift. An herb garden can be the best option for creating your high-quality herbal superstars. You can create your own blend of aromatic herbs.

Lavender flowers, for example, can be used in teas or oils for a calming effect. Even the aroma of dried lavender in a tea bag can reduce stress.

In times of uncertainty, plants possess a remarkable capacity to provide healing and solace. They serve as a poignant reminder that we are eternally connected to a larger existence.

With their roots firmly anchored in the Earth, plants embody the essence of being truly grounded. Their roots mean they are quite literally ‘grounded’ in the Earth.

During times of uncertainty and hopelessness, many strategies can help us be present and work through these feelings, such as meditation.

Meditation allows us to ease the tension in our lives. Meditation is one technique that is often used for stress management and helps to alleviate mental fog. Journaling, another option, allows us to process our feelings in written form.

Additionally, dance or yoga allow us to express our feelings and work through our emotions.

One vital connection to make is to understand that self-love may involve getting rid of toxic relationships in your life. Taking responsibility for yourself and keeping peace with past issues or people are other ways to balance your root chakra.

Indulging in the soothing ritual of sipping herbal tea offers a splendid avenue to achieve tranquility and a sense of groundedness. Beyond being a means to embrace the present moment, an herbal infusion holds the potential to bestow medicinal benefits that bolster overall well-being and fortify the immune system.

To enhance absorption, the inclusion of black pepper in the herbal tea proves beneficial. This delightful practice allows one to relish a myriad of potent, curative, and calming properties found within herbal remedies.

When preparing, the dosage may vary for different herbs, but as a general guideline, placing one tablespoon of dried herbs (or two tablespoons of fresh herbs) in a tea ball, tea bag, or strainer and immersing it in a cup of hot water is recommended.

Allowing the herbs to steep for up to ten minutes, depending on the desired potency of the herbal tea, is advised. It’s worth noting that steeping for too long may result in a slightly bitter taste.

Some beneficial organic herbs are listed below. Each of the dried herbs works in a different way.

Ashwagandha is known for its rejuvenating effects on the nervous system. It can help with stress and anxiety and is good for heart health.

Holy Basil is a wonderful herb for the nervous system. It encourages flow and can help move thought into action. It is also supportive of the immune system and helps to nourish the stress response system to be more resilient.

Within Green Tea, there exists an amino acid called Theanine, which guides caffeine towards cognitive pathways, amplifying mental clarity without inducing jittery sensations.

Turmeric is an anti-inflammatory. Turmeric can be both comforting and invigorating at the same time.

Yarrow is helpful in fighting infections .

Kava lends its remarkable properties to promote relaxation of both the mind and body. This extraordinary herb proves beneficial in alleviating stress, anxiety, and insomnia, offering relief from these common afflictions.

Oregano and Thyme are nutrient-dense and full of essential vitamins and minerals.

Rosemary is packed with nutrients and is very soothing for the body.

Cinnamon and Ginger help with digestion, soothe nerves and pain, and help to ward off bacteria and viruses.

Chamomile is regarded as one of the most widely favored herbs for inducing relaxation and holds a prominent position among herbal enthusiasts.

Sage is good for the brain. It quickens the senses and aids in memory.

Damiana possesses remarkable qualities that promote a sense of calm and invigoration within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Simultaneously, it serves as an uplifting agent for the spirit while stimulating circulation, particularly in the pelvic region.

Among herbalists, lavender holds a special place as an all-time favorite herb for alleviating difficult emotions. Its remarkable ability to soothe the nervous system offers a calming effect, serving as a grounding force for both the body and the senses during periods of heightened stress.

Passionflower is a calming herb, but it has also been used topically to treat boils, wounds, and earaches.

Ginseng is thought to help boost cognitive functions that improve memory and elevate mood.

Lemon balm dates back to the Middle Ages. Lemon balm is used to promote sleep, ease tension, settle digestive discomfort, and improve appetite.

Incorporating herbal supplements into one’s routine presents an additional avenue to bolster cognitive functions, enhance the digestive system, and furnish the body with vital nutrients.

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As mentioned previously, good nutrition is extremely important and grounding.

Beets are an example of a food that replenishes your body and offers many benefits to your overall health. Beets are a deep magenta root vegetable high in Vitamin C, fiber, and essential nutrients like potassium and manganese.

Beets are known to boost stamina, and help detoxify the body (especially the liver, which is associated with emotional holdings of stress, anxiety, and depression). Beets also lower blood pressure.

Below is a recipe from Maui Medicinal Herbs of a beet smoothie bowl you may want to try. The ingredients are all blended together and then topped with one or more of the optional garnishes.

INGREDIENTS

1 cup frozen or fresh blueberries
1/2 cup raw red beets, diced small {approximately 1 medium-sized beet}
2 small apple bananas
1/4 cup coconut
2 handfuls Kale
10 mint leaves – adds a nice cooling effect
2 chunks of peppermint chocolate
3/4 cup almond or coconut milk
1 tablespoon kava powder

OPTIONAL GARNISHES:

Hemp seeds
Bee Pollen
Fresh Berries
Frozen banana slices
Coconut chunks
Honey or maple syrup
Lilikoi
Gluten-Free Granola

By integrating herbal medicine, culinary herbs, essential oils, improved nutrition, or meditation into your daily routine, you invite the infusion of nature’s essence and positive energy into your human realm, leading to multifaceted benefits.

There exists a profound enchantment when we embrace the stress-relieving attributes of aromatic plants and incredible greens.

Taking inspiration from Native Americans, it becomes evident that potent herbs hold tremendous medicinal potential. Embracing these practices empowers us to harness the remarkable healing power of nature.

Michael J. Brown, RPh, BCPS, BCPP

Mr. Brown is a Clinical Pharmacist specializing in pharmacotherapy and psychiatry.

Feel free to send Michael a message using this link.

Disclosure: This post may contain affiliate links, meaning, at no additional cost to you, I may earn a commission if you click on, or make a purchase through a third-party link.

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9 Best Herbs For Focus

Posted on May 10, 2023May 11, 2023 by Michael Brown

Are you looking for something to improve your concentration?

Do you want increased energy levels and mental clarity?

This post will review several herbal supplements that can improve brain function, boost energy levels, and enhance cognitive performance.

Lemon Balm

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) is an herb that has been used for centuries to promote calmness, reduce stress and anxiety, and improve cognitive function. Some studies suggest that it may help improve focus and concentration.

A study published in the journal “Nutrients” found that lemon balm extract improved cognitive performance and mood in healthy young adults. The researchers attributed these effects to the herb’s ability to modulate neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, which is involved in learning and memory.¹

Lemon balm, in combination with valerian root, passionflower, and butterbur extracts (Ze 185), has been shown to decrease the need for benzodiazepines in some patients.²

These studies suggest that it may be a useful natural remedy for improving cognitive function and reducing stress and anxiety.

Ginkgo Biloba

Like lemon balm, Ginkgo Biloba has a variety of health benefits. It is a powerful antioxidant that can decrease oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals. One study published in 2002 showed Ginkgo Biloba may enhance memory in healthy individuals 60 years of age and older.³

Another study showed Ginkgo Biloba was effective in improving mental status scores in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment.⁴

It is important to note that not all studies have confirmed these findings.

Ginko Biloba is a very popular natural herb, and in the book “Rosemary Gladstar’s Herbs for Longevity and Well-Being,” it is named as her number one herb of longevity.

Gotu Kola

Gotu Kola is an herb related to parsley. This ayurvedic herb has been used for wound healing, circulation, and burns.

Gotu kola (Centella Asiatica) is an herb that has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine to improve cognitive function, memory, and concentration. Some studies have investigated the effects of gotu kola on focus and concentration.

One study found that a combination of gotu kola and Bacopa monnieri (another herb traditionally used for cognitive enhancement) improved cognitive function, attention, and working memory in healthy adults.⁵

An article in Trends in Food Science & Technology concluded C. asiatica can be neuroprotective and targets multiple disease pathways to fight neurodegenerative disorders.⁶

Ashwagandha

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is an adaptogenic herb that has been routinely used in Ayurvedic medicine to improve cognitive function, including memory, concentration, and mental focus. Some studies have investigated the effects of ashwagandha on mental focus.

One study published in the Journal of Dietary Supplements found that ashwagandha root extract improved cognitive function, including attention and information processing speed, in healthy adults.⁷

A separate study found Ashwagandha can enhance memory, reduce brain aging and stress.⁸

A review of several studies published in the Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine found ashwagandha has potential as a natural cognitive enhancer, particularly for improving memory and attention.⁹

Bacopa Monnieri

Bacopa monnieri is an herb traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine to enhance cognitive function, including memory and focus. Several studies have investigated the effects of Bacopa monnieri on focus and concentration.

One study published in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine found that Bacopa monnieri improved cognitive function and processing speed in healthy older adults.¹⁰

Another study published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology found that Bacopa monnieri improved memory consolidation and attention in healthy adults. This study also showed Bacopa has an anxiolytic effect as well.¹¹

A review of several studies published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology concluded that Bacopa monnieri has potential as a cognitive enhancer, particularly for improving memory and attention.

Brain And Focus

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Green Tea

Green tea is a popular beverage that contains a variety of compounds, including caffeine and L-theanine, that may have cognitive-enhancing effects.

One study published in Phytomedicine found that green tea improved memory, attention, and brain function.¹²

Another study found that higher consumption of green tea is associated with a lower incidence of cognitive impairment in humans.¹³

More research is needed to grasp the effects of green tea on focus and concentration. These studies suggest that the combination of caffeine and L-theanine in green tea may have cognitive-enhancing benefits. It’s important to note that green tea and its extracts do contain caffeine, which can have side effects like jitteriness, insomnia, and increased heart rate, especially in high doses or in individuals who are sensitive to caffeine.

Asian Ginseng

Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) is an herb that has been traditionally used in Chinese medicine to enhance cognitive function, including memory, concentration, and mental clarity. Some studies have investigated the effects of Asian ginseng on mental focus.

One study published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology found that a single dose of Asian ginseng improved cognitive performance, including attention, working memory, and reaction time, in healthy young adults.¹⁴

Another study published in the journal Phytotherapy Research found that daily supplementation with Asian ginseng extract improved cognitive function and mood in middle-aged adults with age-related cognitive decline.¹⁵

A review of several studies published in the Journal of Ginseng Research concluded that Asian ginseng has potential as a natural cognitive enhancer, particularly for improving attention and cognitive processing speed.¹⁶

While Asian ginseng appears to have promising effects on mental focus, more research is needed to fully understand its benefits and optimal dosages.

Rhodiola Rosea

Rhodiola rosea is an herb that has been traditionally used in Russia and Scandinavia to improve physical and mental performance, reduce fatigue, and enhance mood. In addition, some studies have investigated the effects of Rhodiola rosea on focus and concentration.

One study published in Molecules stated Rhodiola is effective in treating stress-related conditions and disorders.¹⁷

Another study published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology found that Rhodiola rosea extract improved cognitive function and reduced mental fatigue in physicians working night shifts.¹⁸

A review of several studies published in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine concluded that Rhodiola rosea has the potential as a natural cognitive enhancer, particularly for improving mental fatigue and stress-related cognitive dysfunction.

Holy Basil

Holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum), also known as tulsi, is an herb that has been commonly used in Ayurvedic medicine to enhance cognitive function and reduce stress and anxiety. Some studies have investigated the effects of holy basil on focus and concentration.

One study published in the International Journal of Ayurveda Research found that holy basil extract improved cognitive function, including attention, memory, and executive function, in healthy adults.
Another study from the Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine found that holy basil extract improved cognitive function and reduced stress in healthy older adults.¹⁹

A review of several studies published in the Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Journal showed those who consumed Holy Basil had a positive change in mood and/or cognitive function regardless of age, gender, formulation, dose, or study quality.²⁰

If you are having trouble concentrating, the first step is to be sure you are eating a healthy diet and getting enough sleep. Exercise can also help.

Medicinal herbs can be a good choice as well. I suggest finding a popular herbal blend such as Brain & Focus by Sunshine Nutraceuticals.

This product is specially designed to improve memory and focus by utilizing vitamins, minerals, and natural herbs. It is crucial to take care of your physical and cognitive health.

Always remember that just because some of these herbal remedies listed do not have robust clinical studies to support them, that does not mean they are ineffective. Clinical trials are expensive, and drug companies are unwilling to spend money on them if they cannot get a good return on their investment.

Michael J. Brown, RPh, BCPS, BCPP

Mr. Brown is a Clinical Pharmacist specializing in pharmacotherapy and psychiatry.

Feel free to send Michael a message using this link.

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Is Sea Moss Good for Acid Reflux and Other Medical Conditions?

Posted on June 25, 2022July 12, 2022 by Michael Brown

Is sea moss good for acid reflux?
What are some other health benefits of sea moss supplements?

Sea moss (Chondrus crispus), also known as Irish moss, due to its red color, is an edible plant that grows in tidepools in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Sea moss isn’t a moss but a type of algae or seaweed. For this reason, sea moss is also known as red algae. This plant has a rich nutrient profile and is full of essential nutrients.

Disclosure: This post may contain affiliate links, meaning, at no additional cost to you, I may earn a commission if you click on, or make a purchase through a third-party link.

Sea Moss and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

I attended pharmacy school between 1985-1988 at Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon. I remember one lecture where the professor poured an acidic solution into a beaker and added Gaviscon liquid. The Gaviscon floated to the top and created a barrier. This demonstration showed how Gaviscon could protect against GERD.

GERD is a common medical condition worldwide. See the diagram below. The United States population is especially prone to this disease.

Global distribution of the burden of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Sample-size weighted mean estimates of the prevalence of at least weekly heartburn and/or regurgitation in each country.¹

Common GERD symptoms include:

Heartburn: Especially after eating or at night
Poor Sleep: Pain and discomfort causes night awakenings
Trouble swallowing
Chest pain
Belching
Vomiting

GERD can result in decreased work productivity and negatively impact the patient’s quality of life.²

GERD is also a risk factor for throat cancer and Barrett’s esophagus.³

What does this have to do with Sea Moss?

Gaviscon contains sodium alginate, which is also found in sea moss. Sodium alginate can form a barrier between the stomach and the esophagus, protecting the esophagus from stomach acid. Typically, the top portion of the stomach has a valve-like sphincter (lower esophageal sphincter) that closes, protecting the esophagus from the acid found in the stomach. However, when this “valve” doesn’t completely close, stomach acid can leak into the esophagus, causing the pain we know as heartburn and the other symptoms listed above.

One way to treat heartburn is to form a barrier between the stomach and the esophagus: Gaviscon or sea moss can accomplish this. In addition, I always use nutritional supplements over OTC medications or prescription drugs whenever possible.

Sea Moss and Weight Loss

We have talked about weight management in previous posts. Lifestyle changes, exercise, whole foods, adequate sleep, and water intake all help keep our weight in check. Sea moss contains fiber which makes us feel full. If we aren’t hungry, we tend to eat less. Less food equals fewer calories. We all know that controlling our weight is good for our overall health.

Sea Moss and Digestive Health

Sea moss can help improve gut health. We can use it as a prebiotic. Prebiotics are substances that feed gut bacteria. To read more about the importance of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, read “Probiotics, Gut-Brain Axis and Psychiatry.”

Irish moss is also high in fiber which can increase bulk in the gut and help relieve constipation and promote regular healthy bowel movements. The gentle laxative effect of sea moss provides a natural remedy for constipation. Sea moss can also help detoxify the body by removing heavy metals and toxins from the GI tract.

Red seaweed may also help relieve gas and bloating. For example, a study published in March of 2021 found the supplementation of red seaweed in cows reduced enteric methane production by more than 80%.⁴

SEA MOSS

Sea Moss May Help Some Thyroid Disorders

Our thyroid gland, located in the neck, is responsible for producing thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). Iodine is a trace element not produced by the human body and is necessary to make these thyroid hormones. T3 and T4 are essential to promote growth and brain development in children and help regulate metabolism in adults.⁵

Hypothyroidism is present in about 5% of Americans aged 12 years and older.⁶

Hypothyroidism has many causes, including Hashimoto’s Disease (an autoimmune disorder), surgical removal of thyroid gland tissue, radiation treatment with I-131, some medications, and iodine deficiency.

Symptoms of hypothyroidism include:

Fatigue
Weight Gain
Thinning Hair
Depressed Mood
Dry Skin
Muscle Pain
Sensitivity to Cold
Goiter (Swollen thyroid gland

Irish moss has a high iodine content and can help relieve some thyroid conditions such as hypothyroidism. However, it is important to follow dosing recommendations to avoid ingesting too much iodine.⁷

Sea Moss and Nutrition

Sea moss is packed with vitamins and essential minerals. The rich zinc content of Irish moss and vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and folate can help support the immune system. In addition, sea moss has b vitamins to help increase energy levels and contains antioxidants that may reduce oxidative stress at the cellular level. Sea moss also contains vitamin k, which helps blood clotting and helps build strong bones. Irish moss is also a rich iron source. Iron is vital for red blood cell production, is essential for a healthy pregnancy, and can improve athletic performance.⁸

Sea moss has many health benefits. This edible plant can help relieve the symptoms of acid reflux and is an excellent digestive aid. It can help with weight loss by creating a feeling of fullness due to its fiber content. Irish moss is a prebiotic that helps feed bacteria in the gut, promoting a healthy digestive system. Thyroid issues resulting from a lack of iodine can also be helped by consuming sea moss. Sticking to the recommended dosage is essential because too much iodine can also be detrimental to health.

Sea moss is a nutritious food containing many essential vitamins and minerals. It has fewer side effects than OTC or prescription drugs. Irish moss is also high in antioxidants.

Sunshine Nutraceuticals has recently added sea moss to our product line. Our supplement contains 500mg Organic Irish Moss, 500mg Organic Bladderwrack, 400mg Organic Burdock and 5mg BioPerine per serving (2 capsules).

If you have any questions about sea moss or any other nutraceutical supplement, feel free to contact me. My contact information is available in the author box below.

Michael J. Brown, RPh, BCPS, BCPP

Mr. Brown is a Clinical Pharmacist specializing in pharmacotherapy and psychiatry.

Feel free to send Michael a message using this link.

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Health Benefits of Green Tea and Honey

Posted on May 29, 2022June 28, 2022 by Michael Brown

Are you looking for a healthy, great-tasting beverage that is good for your body?

We all know the benefits of drinking water, but sometimes you need something different.

What if I told you there is a drink that can lower cholesterol levels, help fight free radicals, help you with weight loss, and even strengthen your immune system?

This post will explain some of the health benefits of green tea and honey. Green tea can have a bitter taste, and adding honey can make the tea more palatable while adding some health benefits.

Here are a few reasons to consume green tea and honey.

May Lower Blood Pressure and Improve Lipid Profiles

Studies have shown that the consumption of green tea can be beneficial to cardiovascular health. A systematic review of twenty random controlled trials including 1536 subjects found green tea intake significantly reduces systolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol), and total cholesterol.¹

Another study also found that the administration of green tea lowered both total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations. However, no effect on HD cholesterol (good cholesterol) levels was observed in this study.²

Reducing high blood pressure and improving lipid profiles may lower the risk of cardiovascular disease and heart attacks.

May Have a Role in Cancer Prevention

Several polyphenols are present in green tea leaves, and these compounds are thought to be responsible for their cancer preventative effects. Green tea has the highest polyphenol concentration compared to other teas, which may explain why it is more effective in causing cancer cell damage and death.³

Studies have shown that consumption of green tea can either induce oxidative stress, leading to cancer cell death, or it can act as an antioxidant, preventing cellular damage.⁴

May Aid in Weight Loss

Green tea extract is a component in many weight loss formulations, including those available at Sunshine Nutraceuticals. For example, in one study, 60 obese subjects (BMI>25) were split into two groups. In addition to their meals, one group was given green tea, and the other group a placebo. The green tea group had significantly higher weight loss than the placebo group at the eight and twelve-week measurements.⁵

Another study involving 192 moderately overweight Chinese males and females showed that regular consumption of a very-high catechin green tea over 90 days leads to significant reductions in body weight, waist circumference, and intra-abdominal fat.⁶

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Green Tea and Brain Health

We are learning more about Parkinson’s Disease and dementia each day. The catechins present in green tea are potent antioxidants. They may help protect our brain neurons by scavenging free radicals and chelating iron, activating specific signaling pathways and genes.⁷

Benefits of Caffeinated Green Tea

Caffeine is the most popular nootropic substance currently in use. We all know how caffeine can boost energy levels and focus. Caffeine can also improve your brain reaction time and exercise performance and may improve cardiac health. However, caffeine is a drug, and no medication is free from side effects.

For example, too much caffeine can make a person jittery. Caffeine can also be habit-forming and can cause headaches if abruptly discontinued. It can also cause anxiety, especially at higher doses. If you start to feel some of these side effects, try to consume less caffeine. Caffeine may also interact with some medications, so check with your doctor or pharmacist.

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Honey

We all know that honey is a natural sweetener with a yummy taste. But, do you realize that honey has many benefits other than helping soothe a sore throat?

Always remember that raw honey is a better alternative than processed honey. I know some don’t believe this to be true, but in my opinion, raw honey is a better option. So, what are some of the benefits of raw honey?

Honey Also Has Antioxidant Properties and
Positive Effects on the Brain

The brain is especially prone to oxidative damage due to its high oxygen consumption and the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids found in the neural membranes. Raw honey contains polyphenols which can help protect against fat oxidation. These compounds may also improve learning ability, memory, and cognitive function.

We know that raw honey can help with anxiety and depression and may act as an anticonvulsant.⁸

Honey Maybe Better in Controlling Blood Sugar Levels
and Preventing Metabolic Syndrome

Honey has been shown to lower blood pressure, decrease obesity, reduce lipid levels, and positively affect diabetes. In addition, honey can decrease insulin resistance leading to lower blood sugar levels. These factors may help limit weight gain and accumulation of fat storage and prevent or improve metabolic syndrome.⁹

Honey and Green/Black Tea
May Have Antibacterial Properties

One study found honey and green/black tea reduced the risk of H. pylori infection. This study may lead to further studies evaluating the use of honey and tea in the prevention or treatment of some infections.¹⁰

Green tea (camellia sinensis) is one of the world’s most popular and healthy drinks. This tea, along with oolong and black tea, has been consumed in China and India for fifty centuries.

The antioxidant substances in tea leaves may help with several health-related problems, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, weight loss, neurological disorders, and more.

In addition, if you use raw honey to sweeten your green tea, more antioxidants will be available to help reduce cellular oxidation.

I highly recommend adding green tea and honey to your diet. Your body will thank you.

If you have any questions regarding this or any other post, please email me at [email protected]. I try to answer all emails.

Michael J. Brown, RPh, BCPS, BCPP

Mr. Brown is a Clinical Pharmacist specializing in pharmacotherapy and psychiatry.

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Psilocybin for Depression and Anxiety

Posted on November 18, 2020December 31, 2020 by Michael Brown

Can the psychoactive substance found in “magic mushrooms” be used to treat depression?

Psilocybin is a hallucinogenic drug present in some species of mushrooms. This compound was utilized in the 1960’s for various psychiatric conditions before being classified as a schedule I substance by the FDA in 1970.

Schedule I substances have no current acceptable medical use and have a high potential for abuse.

Some examples of Schedule I substances are heroin, LSD, and PCP.

Recently, some cities have decriminalized psilocybin. The first to do so was Denver, Colorado, in May of 2019.

The first state to legalize psilocybin is Oregon, where I live. Measure 109 passed in November of 2020. This measure allows the Oregon Health Authority (OHA) to develop a program to enable licensed providers to administer mushrooms and fungi containing psilocybin to individuals over 21.

This measure opens the door for psilocybin to be used for psychiatric conditions where traditional treatment has failed.

What is Psilocybin?

Psilocybin is a psychedelic substance that alters consciousness through interaction with serotonin (5HT2A) receptors.

The question is whether this substance has any benefit for these conditions. To answer this question, I looked at the available studies.

Psilocybin Treatment for Anxiety and Depression in Cancer Patients

Cancer patients commonly suffer from significant anxiety and depression. It is estimated that 30-40% of these patients are affected by these disorders when hospitalized.

Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorder in oncological, haematological, and palliative-care settings: a meta-analysis of 94 interview-based studies.¹

Anxiety and depression are associated with a variety of symptoms that lead to poor outcomes. Some of these include:

⁴

Increased suicide rates.
Increased disability
Poor medication compliance.
Increased health care utilization.
Decreased quality of life.
Increased pain.
Decreased social functioning.
Decreased survival rates.

Although this is a significant problem, no FDA-approved pharmacotherapies are approved for psychological distress related to cancer. Antidepressant agents take time to take effect, side effects compromise treatment adherence, many treatments are ineffective, and relapse rates are significant.⁵

⁶

A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial involving 29 patients with cancer-related anxiety and depression was published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology in December of 2016.⁷

This study was designed to determine the efficacy of a single psilocybin dosing session compared to an active control (niacin 250mg) in treating cancer patients with anxiety and depression.

The investigators concluded that moderate-dose psilocybin (along with psychotherapy) produced rapid and sustained anxiolytic and anti-depressant effects. These effects lasted anywhere from 7 weeks to 8 months. These patients exhibited decreased cancer-related existential distress, increased spiritual well-being, quality of life, and improved attitudes towards death.

There were no serious adverse effects reported during this study in either group.

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Psilocybin in Unipolar Depression

An open-label study of 12 patients with moderate-to-severe, unipolar depression was published in Lancer Psychiatry in July of 2016. This was a feasibility trial involving six men and six women.⁸

These patients received two oral doses of psilocybin (10mg and 25mg) seven days apart. The figure below represents the Schedule of study interventions for this trial.

This study’s main objective was to create an optimized protocol for psilocybin administration and gain information about its efficacy in treating unipolar depression.

No severe adverse effects occurred during this study, and the psilocybin was well-tolerated. The side effects that did appear were:

Anxiety (mostly mild)
Confusion or thought disorder
Nausea
Headache

No prolonged psychosis was observed in any of the subjects.

Depression severity was measured using the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) score. Scoring is as follows:

>21 – Very severe depression

16-20 – Severe depression

11-15 – Moderate depression

6-10 – mild depression

5 or below – No depression

<=9 – Indicates remission of depression

All scoring was completed at the intervals shown on the graph below. The time period reflects time passed after the high-dose session. The figure below shows the results over time. These results were also confirmed using the Beck’s Depression Inventory Scale.

Every patient had a reduction in depression severity one week after the high-dose session. Week 2 showed the most significant results. Eight of the twelve patients (67%) achieved complete remission at week one, and five of these (42%) were still in remission at three months.

Although this was a study with a small sample size and no control group, it is promising that many of these treatment-resistant patients achieved remission of their depression. More studies are needed to confirm what was gleaned from this study, but it appears that psilocybin can be safely administered to patients who are appropriately screened and receive adequate support.

Anxiety and depression are prevalent in today’s society. Many of our traditional antidepressant medications take weeks to work and are often ineffective. Psilocybin shows promise in the management of those with treatment-resistant anxiety and depression.

Psilocybin is also associated with only minor side effects. It does not typically cause compulsive drug-seeking behaviors and is relatively non-toxic.

In addition to the studies mentioned above, psilocybin has also had positive effects on smoking cessation.⁹

It has also been shown to significantly decrease alcohol consumption in alcoholic patients.¹⁰

More studies need to be conducted to determine the optimal dose and frequency of psilocybin administration in treating psychiatric disorders. One thing is certain; we desperately need more treatments for anxiety and depression.

If you have any comments regarding this post or any other, please feel free to contact me through the link in the author box below.

As always, have a happy week and stay safe!

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Michael J. Brown, RPh, BCPS, BCPP

Mr. Brown is a Clinical Pharmacist specializing in pharmacotherapy and psychiatry.

Feel free to send Michael a message using this link.

Disclosure: This post may contain affiliate links, meaning, at no additional cost to you, I may earn a commission if you click on, or make a purchase through a third-party link.

Several Shitake Mushroom Benefits

Posted on September 23, 2020September 23, 2020 by Michael Brown

What are the health benefits of shitake mushrooms?

Should you try to eat more?

What if I don’t like to eat mushrooms?

Shitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) are native to East Asia and are the second most popular mushroom consumed today. Shitakes have been a staple in Asian cuisine for centuries. These mushrooms have a meaty texture and are an excellent addition to salads and soups.

They also provide a great meat substitute.

Shitakes are tan to dark brown and typically grow on decaying hardwood trees in warm, moist climates. Japan produces about 83% of the shitake mushrooms available worldwide, and 60% of all shitakes are dried before consumption.¹

These mushrooms not only provide many vitamins but also are thought to possess other medicinal properties. This post will explore some of the many benefits of this delicious mushroom.

Shitake Mushroom Nutritional Facts

Before exploring the medicinal benefits of the shitake mushroom, lets take a look at the nutritional value of this mushroom.²

The information below represents the nutritional value of one cup (145 g) of shitake mushrooms:

Calories 81.2 kcal
Protein 2.26 g
Fat 0.319 g
Carbohydrate 20.9 g
Fiber 3.04 g
Sugars 5.57 g

These mushrooms also contain many vitamins and minerals.

Medicinal Qualities of Shitake Mushrooms

Natural products, or nutraceuticals, are very important in developing and discovering new pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of chronic diseases such as cancer.³

Polysaccharides present in mushrooms are thought to have antitumor and immune system activation properties.⁴

Shitake mushrooms contain polysaccharides, lipids, sterols, and terpenoids, which may effectively treat various tumors and infections.⁵

Antioxidant Effects of Shitake Mushrooms

As we age, our bodies are less efficient at preventing the damage caused by oxidative stress.⁶

Nutraceuticals, such as shitake mushrooms, can be used to help reduce the oxidation caused by free radical species.⁷

One study published in 2013 found aqueous extracts of L. edodes demonstrated catalase-like activity leading to the conclusion that shitake mushroom extracts may be a potential source of antioxidants.⁸

This is important because oxidative stress is known to contribute to over 200 diseases.

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Antiviral and Antibacterial Activity of Shitake Mushrooms

With all that is happening in the world today regarding COVID-19, it isn’t surprising to learn that many people are searching for antiviral nutraceuticals. Shitake mushroom extract has been shown to inhibit viral replication in poliovirus and bovine herpesvirus in a concentration-dependent manner.⁹

These mushrooms have antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial properties.¹⁰

¹¹

Mushrooms contain Beta-glucans, which are polysaccharides that stimulate the immune system. This leads to the ability to help fight bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungus. These molecules are necessary for the mushroom’s survival.

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Shitake Mushrooms Contain Vitamin D

Did you know that mushrooms are the only natural plants that contain vitamin D?

It is well-known that this vitamin is crucial for healthy bones and teeth.

The concentration of vitamin D found in mushrooms is dependent on their exposure to Ultraviolet light and how they are grown.

A study performed on mice found that those fed UV-enhanced shitake mushrooms had a higher bone density than a group provided a low-calcium, low-vitamin-D diet.¹²

Shitake Mushrooms May Help Fight Some Types of Cancer

A cohort study of 36,499 Japanese men found an inverse relationship between mushroom consumption and prostate cancer incidence.¹³

One polysaccharide, lentinan, assists in fighting tumors as a result of immune system activation.¹⁴

¹⁵

Shitake mushroom extract has also been shown to decrease the proliferation of leukemia cells significantly.¹⁶

Mycologists strongly believe that the compounds found in mushrooms can suppress many forms of cancers at several stages.

Many plant and fungal species have been used as food and medicine in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. These products have shown the ability to promote good health and may even prevent or treat many diseases.

Mushrooms are loaded with vitamins, minerals, and other compounds that can positively affect our bodies. Mushroom supplements have recently gained popularity in the United States for people who desire mushrooms’ health benefits but do not enjoy them as a food source. These supplements also allow one to consume mushrooms in a concentrated form.

As with most nutraceuticals, more clinical studies are needed to determine the many uses for mushrooms, such as shitakes.
The benefits of consuming these appear to outweigh any risks.

As always, if you have any questions regarding this post or any other, please send me an email. I attempt to answer all emails I receive.

Have a great week, and stay safe out there.

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Michael J. Brown, RPh, BCPS, BCPP

Mr. Brown is a Clinical Pharmacist specializing in pharmacotherapy and psychiatry.